Kukula kwa makasu amafuta apanyanja padziko lonse lapansi

M'gawo lalikulu la buluu, nyanja simalo oyambira moyo, komanso njira yofunika kwambiri yoyendetsera chuma padziko lonse lapansi ndi mphamvu. Ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa kufunika mphamvu padziko lonse, makamaka irreplaceable udindo wa mafuta monga magazi a mafakitale, chitukuko cha mipaipi mafuta m'madzi, monga zida zofunika kulumikiza m'zigawo mafuta m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mayendedwe ndi kukonza nthaka, sanangochitira umboni kudumpha kwaukadaulo wa anthu. , komanso zakhudza kwambiri kusintha kwa mphamvu za dziko. Nkhaniyi ikufuna kufufuza njira zachitukuko, luso lazopangapanga, zovuta komanso momwe ma hoses amafuta apanyanja akubwera padziko lapansi.

1. Kusintha kwa mbiri yakale kwa mapaipi amafuta apanyanja

Mbiri yamafuta ophikira m'madzizitha kuyambika chapakati pa zaka za zana la 20. Panthawiyo, ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wofufuza mafuta m'nyanja yakuya, mapaipi okhazikika achikhalidwe sakanathanso kukwaniritsa zosowa za m'madzi ovuta komanso osinthika. Zotsatira zake, payipi yofewa, yosachita dzimbiri, yosavuta kuyiyika komanso yosamalira bwino idayamba ndipo mwachangu idakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwamafuta am'nyanja yakuya ndi gasi. Poyamba, mapaipi amenewa ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madzi osaya, koma ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ya zipangizo ndi kupititsa patsogolo njira zopangira zinthu, pang'onopang'ono amalowa m'nyanja yakuya mamita masauzande ambiri ndipo anakhala "njira yopulumutsira" yolumikiza zitsime zamafuta zam'madzi ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zoyandama. ndi magawo otsitsa (FPSO) kapena ma terminals.

2. Zamakono zamakono ndi zatsopano zakuthupi

Kupikisana kwakukulu kwamafuta ophikira m'madzizagona pakusankha kwawo zinthu komanso luso laukadaulo. Mapaipi oyambilira nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito labala kapena mphira wopangira ngati chingwe chamkati kuti asawonongeke ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zamafuta. Komabe, ndi malo omwe akuchulukirachulukira ogwiritsira ntchito, makamaka mikhalidwe yoipitsitsa monga kuthamanga kwambiri kwa nyanja, kutentha pang'ono, ndi mchere wambiri, zida zachikhalidwe sizingakwaniritsenso zosowa. Choncho, zida zatsopano za polima monga polyurethane, fluororubber, thermoplastic elastomers, etc. Zidazi sizingokhala ndi kukana bwino kwa dzimbiri, kukana kuvala komanso anti-kukalamba, komanso zimatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika akuthupi pansi pa kutentha kwambiri.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pofuna kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu yonyamula mphamvu ndi kutopa kwa payipi, mapangidwe apangidwe amitundu yambiri yakhala yodziwika bwino. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapanga zinthu zokhala ndi katundu wosiyanasiyana m’dongosolo linalake kuti zipange zinthu zambirimbiri. Chigawo chilichonse chimakhala ndi ntchito yeniyeni, monga mkati mwazitsulo zimakhala ndi udindo wodzipatula mankhwala a mafuta, zowonjezera zowonjezera zimapereka mphamvu zothandizira, ndipo mchira wakunja umateteza payipi kuti isawonongeke ndi chilengedwe cha m'madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wapamwamba wolumikizirana ndi mapangidwe osindikiza athandizira kwambiri magwiridwe antchito onse komanso kudalirika kwa payipi.

3. Zovuta ndi zothetsera

Ngakhale ukadaulo wa payipi wamafuta am'madzi wapita patsogolo kwambiri, ukukumanabe ndi zovuta zambiri pazogwiritsa ntchito. Choyamba, zovuta komanso kusinthika kwa chilengedwe chakuya kwa nyanja kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zofunikira kwambiri pakupanga, kupanga ndi kuyika ma hoses. Momwe mungatsimikizire kuti ma hoses akugwira ntchito nthawi yayitali komanso yokhazikika pansi pazovuta kwambiri ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe ofufuza akuyenera kuthana nalo. Kachiwiri, pakuwonjezeka kwa chidziwitso cha chilengedwe, zofunikira zapamwamba zimayikidwa pa kuyanjana kwa chilengedwe, kubwezeretsedwanso ndi kuwonongeka kwa zipangizo zapaipi. Choncho, chitukuko cha zinthu zachilengedwe wochezeka payipi wakhala tsogolo chitukuko malangizo.

Pofuna kuthana ndi mavutowa, makampaniwa atenga njira zingapo. Kumbali imodzi, imalimbitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ndi kusinthanitsa, kugawana zomwe zachitika paukadaulo ndi maphunziro omwe aphunziridwa, ndikulimbikitsa kupanga ndi kuwongolera miyezo yamakampani; Kumbali inayi, imawonjezera ndalama za R&D, imayang'ana mosalekeza kugwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopano, njira zatsopano ndi matekinoloje atsopano, ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito komanso kupikisana kwamapaipi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, imayang'ana pa kuphatikizika kwa malingaliro oteteza chilengedwe ndikulimbikitsa kusintha kobiriwira kwa zinthu za payipi.

IV. Zochitika Zachitukuko Chamtsogolo ndi Zoyembekeza

Kuyang'ana m'tsogolo, chitukuko chamafuta ophikira m'madziidzasonyeza zochitika zotsatirazi: Choyamba, idzapita m’madzi akuya ndi akutali. Ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa kufufuza ndi chitukuko cha mafuta a m'nyanja yakuya ndi gasi, luso lamakono la payipi lidzapitirizabe kukweza kuti likwaniritse zofunikira kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito; chachiwiri, mulingo wanzeru ndi digito udzasinthidwa, ndipo kudzera mu kuphatikiza kwa masensa, intaneti ya Zinthu ndi matekinoloje ena, kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni ndi chenjezo loyambirira la ntchito ya payipi lidzakwaniritsidwa; chachitatu, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala kwa zinthu zowononga zachilengedwe kudzalimbikitsa chitukuko cha mankhwala a payipi m'njira yobiriwira komanso yokhazikika; Chachinayi, kupanga mokhazikika komanso modular kumathandizira kupanga, kupanga ndi kuyika bwino kwa ma hoses ndikuchepetsa ndalama.

Monga chimodzi mwa zida zofunika kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zamafuta am'madzi ndi gasi, mbiri yachitukuko cha mapaipi amafuta am'madzi sichinangowona kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo wa anthu komanso kuthekera kosatha kwa mzimu watsopano, komanso kulengeza mutu watsopano mu kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zam'madzi m'tsogolomu. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwamphamvu kwa kusintha kwa mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso chitukuko champhamvu chazachuma zam'madzi, mapaipi amafuta am'madzi adzabweretsa chitukuko chokulirapo komanso mwayi wopanda malire.

Monga mmodzi wa opanga pachimake padziko lonsepayipi yamafuta am'madzi, Zebungipitiliza kugwira ntchito molimbika kuti ipange zinthu zabwinoko ndikupereka chidziwitso kwa ogwiritsa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.